Formation of Matter
The Composition of Subatomic Particles


ISBN 0-9677172-0-5

  "The Order of the Forces"
is a study in nuclear and fundamental particle physics through the Geatron Nuclear Model.
By
Eugene B. Pamfiloff

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Formation of Matter
The Composition of Subatomic Particles

Before the composition of Subatomic Particles could be explained, the fundamental particles and their interactions through and with the fundamental forces must be understood!

The GNM makes many important and verifiable predictions, one of which demonstrated the existence of several groups of previously unknown sub-particles, including those Rudimentary Units situated between 0.0 MeV and .511 MeV. To put this into perspective, the model predicts the existence of seven nuclear levels, identified by a dominant particle type that exists at each level. These include the Fundamental, Rudimentary, Elementary, Sub-nuclear, Subatomic, Atomic and Transitional particles that define each nuclear level.

By Eugene B. Pamfiloff

THE SYSTEM OF PARTICLE FORMATION:

Exactly how does this system of three interactive fundamental particles work?

It must be stated that the Geatron Nuclear Model predicts and clearly demonstrates the existence of a variety of previously unknown sub-particles that are classified as composite Rudimentary Particle Units. These are a new class of particles that exist between the masses of 0.000 MeV and 0.511 MeV, the electron rest mass. Through a single fundamental force of attraction (or repulsion) that has already been identified, unattached fundamental A, B, and C particles begin to assemble in an orderly fashion into tiny composite particles, called Rudimentary Units (RU). This occurs at every opportunity that presents itself. Every unattached or unbound A, B, and C particle is seeking to neutralize its electric charge by joining with its opposite charge, whether the charge is constant or momentary. In other words, any available opposite electric charge will be satisfactory. The interacting fundamental particles as well as their products, the composite rudimentary units, are self-organizing, force guided systems. To determine the results of fundamental particle interactions, only simple rules have to be followed. For example, a B-particle could come across a free C-particle and bind temporarily while the 'C' is in a positive charge state and repel when the 'C' switches to a negative charge state, then again attract when the charge switches to positive. Consider how this Rudimentary unit would move while in a vacuum (one particle with a fixed charge and the other with a momentary transforming charge)? The vibrating particle must oscillate sinusoidally relative to the constant charge of the companion particle or both could oscillate. Elsewhere, an unattached A-particle may locate a B-particle and if conditions are suitable, they will enter into a bound state as a binary RU (having a binary orbit about each other). Due to the circumstances of the bond between the 'A' and 'B', the unit is vulnerable to a permanent intrusion of one or two C-particles, as demonstrated in the drawings below. An intrusion of more than two C's forms an unstable arrangement and will either sever the bond between the 'A' and 'B' or the third 'C' will eject from the system. But, soon there are every conceivable bound formation of A, B, and C particles floating in space, with each seeking to form a stable formation or configuration by joining with other Rudimentary Units. 

THE FIRST COMPOSITE PARTICLES:

New Class of Particles Identified:

The composite Rudimentary Units (RU) begin as - two, three, four, five then six - particle groups and continue growing into larger units by the assembly of previously formed smaller units and individual A’s, B’s or C’s. This process continues all the way up to groups containing twenty-seven particles, with each unit having a specific ‘R’ designation. For example, the R1 consists of an A & C particle, the R2 consists of a B & C particle, the R3 is an A-B unit, the R7 is an A-C-B unit, and the R18 is a B-C-C-A unit. Calculations indicate that between a (0) mass, 0.0 MeV and .511 MeV, the Electron rest mass, there are a total of seven hundred distinct units, R1 to R700, with R701 representing the electron and R702 the positron. Each rudimentary unit is a composite particle containing a specific configuration and number of A, B, and, or C particles in a bound state. The rudimentary units are self-organizing force-guided systems that spontaneously assemble into all known particles including the subnuclear and subatomic particles.


As with the electric charge demonstrating both attraction and repulsion with a force acting over a distance that satisfies an inverse-square law, we would expect gravity to show identical properties due to a number of similarities that include a force of attraction acting over a distance that also satisfies another inverse-square law. However, one of the surprising features of Gravity is that the force is always attractive, showing no evidence of repulsion or anti-attractive or antigravitational properties. Although numerous attempts have been made to explain this enigma, no equitable proposals have been developed until the introduction of the Geatron Nuclear Model (for APS article -- a summery of its principles are listed below). If certain reasonable conclusions related to the fundamental charge are considered (if we view the fundamental charge from a different perspective), it can be shown that this constantly attractive property of gravity can be explained through a system of Momentary Alternating-Transforming Electric Charges (MATEC) that interact with the MEG-Force and the other fundamental forces.

Conclusions must be derived directly from established factual, experimental and observational data only:

1.    The electric charge is fundamental, but the known particles that carry the charge, such as the electron or positron, are not fundamental.

2.    The fundamental electric charge exists in three variations.

3.    All known elementary and subatomic particles have a substructure consisting of a class of small composite rudimentary particles held in a bound state.  

4.    The series of composite rudimentary particles represent every possible arrangement of the three fundamental electric charge variations.

From this data, three variations of the fundamental charge are described as follows:

A.   The first variation exhibits a constant positive electric charge, having a magnitude equal to 1.602 x 10-19 Coulombs. For convenience, this particle will be referred to as the  A-particle.

B.    The second variation exhibits a constant negative electric charge, having a magnitude equal to 1.602 x 10-19 Coulombs. For convenience, this particle will be referred to as the  B-particle.

C.   The third variation reveals a Momentary Alternating-Transforming Electric Charge (MATEC) cycle through its property of internal vibration, exhibiting both momentary positive and negative electric charges that switch through these states of 0, +, 0, –, 0, +, 0, –, 0, etc., through the periods of T1 = (0, +, 0, –), T2 = (0, +, 0, –) etc., and the interval is equal to its current or preexisting frequency of vibration (up to 1022 Hz or higher) while having a magnitude equal to 1.602 x 10-19 Coulombs during the exhibition of each electric charge. Notice that the particle exhibits whole electric charges for fractional periods of time rather than fractional electric charges exhibited over time. For convenience, this particle will be referred to as the  C-particle.

Background:

Geatron Nuclear Model:    The Geatron Nuclear Model is the only nuclear model that describes fundamental interactions and events.
Antigravitational property:    Naturally, if it existed, antigravity would repell the gravitational force rather than attract, similar to the way that electric or magnetic like-charges repel and unlike charges attract.
Electric Charge:     Is a fundamental force of attraction with unlike-charges and repulsion with like-charges.
Magnitude of the Fundamental Charge:    qf = 1.602 x 10 -19 Coulombs 
Whole Electric Charges:   Whether the charge is exhibited continuously over time or exhibited over fractional periods of time, in all cases the 'whole' electric charge is equal to: qf = 1.602 x 10 -19 Coulombs. Any greater magnitude of electric charge is an integer multiple of the fundamental charge and any lesser magnitude is a nonexistent fractional charge, see below.
Fractional Electric Charges:    Although a fractional electric charge has never been observed, the present theories of QCD and the Standard Model of physics propose that the fundamental electric charge exists as fractional units within quarks of 1/3 + or - equal to 5.34 x 10-20 C and 2/3 + or - equal to  1.068 x 10-19 C. These assumptions are not possible, in part, because, not only is the electric charge conserved during all interactions, but also, in all experiments, the electric charge has only been observed as quantized or interger units (n) of the fundamental charge.   

Introduction:

Subatomic particles such as protons and neutrons contain an assembly of composite rudimentary units (these are described below) which are retained in a bound state through a combination of fundamental forces that form the MEG-Force (these forces are described in the Geatron Nuclear Model). The MEG-Force, in its simplest definition, is the force that binds and holds rudimentary units in a cohesive and bound formation within stable particles. Gravity, in its simplest definition, is the excess of a momentary exhibition of the MEG-Force that is emitted from every proton and neutron within an atom (excess refers to the force remaining over and above that necessary to maintain the internal rudimentary bonds within nucleons).

Rudimentary Units: These are a series of particles containing all possible arrangements of bound fundamental particles.
Forces:           All fundamental forces originate from the three fundamental particles listed above.
MEG-Force:     This represents the third of five of the fundamental forces as identified by the Geatron Nuclear Model.
Gravity:           This represents one of the subatomic forces as identified by the Geatron Nuclear Model.

THE PRIMARY FORCE:

By now, the nature of the Supreme Fundamental Force in the universe should be obvious! That single force from which all other forces emerge could be nothing other than the Electric Force, which has its origin in our three fundamental particles. This was previously described as an intrinsic property of the A, B, and C particles. The A and B particles obtain opposite electric charges through a specific orientation of spin-angular momentum or particle rotation for each particle and every C-particle carries momentary positive and negative electric charges through its internal vibration. Through the interactions of charged fundamental particles and the movement of these charges within the fields of other nearby charges, different fundamental forces are formed. All of the fundamental forces are presented in the following section in the order of their emergence. It must be understood that these are the fundamental forces and not the common subatomic forces that all readers are familiar with. These are the only fundamental forces, there are no other.

ORIGIN OF THE FUNDAMENTAL FORCES:

1. The Electric Force: is the result of Spin Angular Momentum (particle rotation about a fixed axis) in opposite directions as with the A and B particles. It emerges as the A and B particles obtain their respective property of Spin-up and Spin-down. The C-particle obtains its property of internal vibration or simple-harmonic-motion, which provides momentary positive and negative electric charges, from the center-of-mass collision of two D-particles. New inverse-square laws describe the interactions between these particles.

2. The Magnetic Force: is the result of charged particles moving (A and B) and vibrating (C) within the fields of other charged particles. It emerges through the motion of the A, B, and C particles when within the fields of other single or composite charged particles. New inverse-square laws describe the interactions between these particles. It is a major component of the MEG-Force.

3. The MEG-Force: after the formation and assembly of groups of small rudimentary particles through the assembly of individual A, B, and C particles, is the result of motion of these rudimentary particle charges (A and B particles) within the fields of other nearby rudimentary particles and alternating-transforming charges of the C-particle. It emerges through the close proximity and rotation or motion of R7 with R8 particles in leptons and the close proximity and rotation or motion of R17 with R18 rudimentary particles in baryons. In its simplest definition, within composite particles it is the strong attraction between nearby rudimentary particles through a combination of their Electric, Magnetic and MATEC Forces. The MEG-Force can also be thought of as a function of complex interactions between fixed and alternating-transforming electric charges within composite particles such as protons. New inverse-square laws describe the interactions between the rudimentary particles that form the MEG-Force. It is very important to recognize that the MEG-Force continuously attracts every rudimentary particle within a system, such as that of a proton. The force is never repulsive. In every atomic and molecular system, there is a small surplus of MEG-Force, over and above that which is necessary to hold the system together, that is applied cumulatively to forces of the higher order. 

4. The C-Force: is, in the simplest definition, an induced increase in the oscillation and vibration frequencies (over and above that existing with stable nuclei) of the C-particles that are contained or bound within the subatomic particles (protons and electrons) of  atoms. It is the result of excessive external MEG-Force pressure upon the oscillating C-particles (an increase of the MEG-Force that is greater than that existing with stable nuclei) while confined between the A and B particles of R7, R8, R17, and R18 or other rudimentary units.  It emerges through the C-particles property of variable oscillation and inherent vibration at a variable frequency (ƒ). As external MEG forces confine and place 'C' particles under greater pressure by a reduction of their free space, the C's are forced to vibrate at higher frequencies relative to the total of the external MEG forces applied. In addition to this increase in the C's frequency of oscillation between the A and B particles, the C particles will experience a proportional increase in their frequency of internal vibration and this combination places greater pressure upon the confining A and B particles and attempts to force them to greater distances of separation via the C-Force. Note that when a confined C-particle experiences an increase in its vibrational frequency, its oscillating frequency increases proportionally and visa versa. When the C-Force ( the result of an increase in the oscillation and vibration frequency of the C-Particles at higher levels than that existing in stable nuclei) exceeds the combination of the binding forces between the A and B particles and the total MEG-Force of the environment, the Rudimentary particles must break apart, thus liberating the particles from their previous bound state. However, it is not easy to sever or break the rudimentary bonds or A and B particle bonds of protons, as this requires extreme Meg forces, conditions such as those existing within black holes, stellar cores and particle accelerators. Two inverse-square laws provide for the final frequency (ff) that a C-particle may vibrate at.  When the available space between A and B particles, in which the C particles oscillate, is reduced by half, the oscillating frequency and the subsequent vibration frequency of the C-particle is increased by a factor of four.

5. The GRE-Force: (GRE= Geatron-Rudimentary particle Emission) is the result of the fragmentation of composite particles into smaller particles via solar and other events. It emerges as Geatron Plasma, an important ingredient of solar wind and cosmic radiation that consists of most all levels of particles, but the force behind these particles is the GRE-Force. In its simplest definition, when equilibrium between the forces changes and the C-Force exceeds the MEG-Force of any composite particle or system, the composite must break apart into smaller Rudimentary Units and individual A, B, C and D particles, where this Geatron Plasma becomes an invisible force sufficiently capable of pushing galaxies apart in opposition of their attractive gravitational forces. The GRE-Force is capable of accelerating galaxies from each other and thereby account for the observed Expansion of the Universe.

It is very important to recognize that the GRE-Force is the direct opposite force of Gravity, which are in constant opposition to each other. It could be considered as Antigravity? The relative strength of the two forces (GRE and Gravity) changes with the distance. At closer distances, as with typical distances between stars within a galaxy, Gravity has a slight edge, but at intergalactic distances, with the gravitational force substantially diminished by the square of the greater distance, the GRE-Force has the edge. Consider an entire galaxy continuously emitting invisible geatron plasma which pushes upon neighboring galaxies and vise versa, or groups of galaxies with each group pushing upon each other.

The forces listed above are the only fundamental forces, there are no other at this nuclear level. All other forces that are known, exist at higher nuclear levels, primarily the subatomic. Such forces, as those associated with electricity, magnetism, electromagnetic and gravity, exist only after the formation of subatomic particles. This places them in the category of subatomic forces rather than fundamental, because they rely upon the preexistence of composite subatomic particles. It will be found that all of the forces described by the current nuclear models as fundamental are, in fact, misidentified or misclassified. For example, a force cannot be classified as fundamental if it required the preexistence of 927.28 MeV of composite mass (proton) in order to exist or function. Such a force can only be classified as subatomic.

GRE = Geatron - Rudimentary particle Emissions

Please note that the balance of this article and other important and useful information related to the composition of subatomic particles can be viewed at the Geatron Nuclear Model link below.

Geatron Nuclear
Model
 Predictions and Proofs Author's Publication 1 Author's Publication 2 Author's Publication 3 Author's Publication 4
Presentations Important Physics Sites Recent Research Information Book Table of Contents Scientific Reviews & Comments Book Order Page
Gravity Fundamental Particles Physics Journal News Letter Fundamental Forces Home Page

Eugene B. Pamfiloff
boris@2xtreme.net
 

Copyright  © 1999 - 2005 by Eugene B. Pamfiloff