Proton-Neutron Substructure, Baryon Configuration

Before the composition of any composite particle could be determined, it is necessary to first ascertain the minimum requirements of the particle's substructure, while maintaining consideration of all properties exhibited by, or associated with the subject particle.

As described in other chapters of this work, all known elementary and subatomic particles, stable or unstable, bound or free-state, including protons and neutrons, are composite, meaning that these must have a substructure consisting of smaller, more fundamental units. The evidence is absolutely conclusive on the existence of this finer substructure, although, no one has been able to identify the units or system of this structure. That is, not until the Geatron Nuclear Model identified a series of composite rudimentary particle units consisting of every possible combination of the three fundamental particles. The reader may recall that rudimentary units are composed of various combinations of fundamental A, B, and C particles. These rudimentary units (RU) are force-guided, self-organizing systems that have one prime objective, to neutralize their electric charges. In this effort, the rudimentary units continue to accumulate and bond into progressively larger particles until a stable configuration is achieved. The largest stable composite particle known is the hydrogen proton. One of the smaller composite particles is the electron, which is also composed of rudimentary units. For additional background on the rudimentary units, see the Geatron Nuclear Model Link.

The purpose of this section is to show how the rudimentary units organize within the nuclear particles. Certain rudimentary units are more suited for specific applications within the substructure of protons and neutrons and these principles are discussed in the following:

1.    If the composite particle carries the electric charge, it must contain a group of sub-particles that support the charge and events of charge transformation into other charge states. These will be called the Charge Support Group. There are three charge states, positive, negative and neutral, where all known particles satisfy one of these states.
2.    If the composite particle is unstable such as the free-state neutron that decays into smaller composite particles, it must contain a group of sub-particles that support the decay process into those particles. These will be called the Decay Group.
3.    If the composite particle bonds with other particles such as with nucleons of stable and unstable nuclei, it must contain a group of sub-particles that contribute to the nuclear bonds. These will be called the Bonding Group.
4.    If the composite particle contains a base structure, it must contain a group of sub-particles that maintains that structure. These will be called the Structure Group.
5.    This 5th Group represents the mass given up by each nucleon during the formation of a specific nucleus. It is not detailed because the author is presently writing several papers on related subjects and the details cannot be disclosed until the papers are published.

Every known composite particle carries the basic structure depicted by the five groups listed above, although this description is tailored towards nuclear particles rather than elementary particles. Similar substructures would apply to any unknown composite particle that could be detected in the future.

This is the first occasion that the following Tables, developed in 1997 to 1998, are provided for viewing by the general public. They are intended to clarify the extremely complicated substructure of bound and unbound composite nuclear particles.

THE ¹H PROTON SUBSTRUCTURE CONFIGURATION ground-state, unbound nucleon Copyright © 1998 - 2005 by Eugene B. Pamfiloff
Rudimentary Type	Quantity of Rudimentaries	Rudimentary Composition	A-Particles +e charge	B-Particles -e charge	C-Particles net 0 charge	Total Geatrons
The Charge Support Group
R3	1	AB	1	1	0	2
R5	1	CAC	1	0	2	3
R21	1	ACB-CA	2	1	2	5
R22	1	BCA-CB	1	2	2	5
The Decay Group
0	0	0	0	0	0	0
The Bonding Group
0	0	0	0	0	0	0
The Structure Group
R17	6195	ACCB	6195	6195	12390	24780
R18	6195	BCCA	6195	6195	12390	24780
Proton Contents	Rudimentary Units 12394		12395	12394	24786	Particles 49575

The above proton of the hydrogen atom has the greatest mass (rest mass = 938.2723100 MeV) of any stable particle. No other stable particle, bound or unbound has a greater mass. Because this proton is stable, it does not carry extra rudimentary units that would participate in particle decay and therefore does not contain a Decay Group. However, this proton is also unbound to any other nucleon and does not have any rudimentary units currently devoted to nuclear bonds, although it does carry rudimentary units that will participate in nuclear bonds, if and when a minimum force is applied sufficient for the fusion of two or more such protons. Another significant property of this particle is its electric charge, which is carried by the R5 exhibiting a positive charge located within the Charge Support Group. It should be noted that all other positive and negative charges are in equal numbers except for the single positive charge of the R5. The Structure Group holds the proton together through the bonding system of 12,390 rudimentary units that form the structure of this proton. The structure of a bound proton is shown below in the next table.

A close inspection of the iron proton will reveal that it is considerably different from the hydrogen proton of the previous Table. The difference is so substantial that one may suspect the particles are unrelated. For example, this proton has a different Charge Support Group, but of equal importance, it has a group of rudimentary units devoted to nuclear bonds with adjoining nucleons within the iron nucleus and a much refined Structure Group. To put this into perspective, the iron proton is also a smaller or less massive particle (rest mass = 930.1745868 MeV) than its hydrogen counterpart and the Geatron Nuclear Model is the only nuclear model that is able to explain the mass and other differences between the two protons. The quantity of rudimentary units contributing to the nuclear bonds with adjoining nucleons are determined by the mass per nucleon that is given up during the formation of the iron nucleus, and this is equal to the difference in mass of the ⁵⁶Fe nucleon to the ¹H proton. Notice the subtle property differences between the ¹H proton and the ⁵⁶Fe proton, as the ⁵⁶Fe proton contains 428 fewer fundamental particles with a total mass difference of 8.0977232 MeV per nucleon. The total mass deficit for the nucleus is 453.4724992 MeV (8.0977232 x 56 nucleons); this is nearly the mass of half a proton given up during the formation of the iron nucleus.

The next nuclear particle contains many additional surprises:

The free neutron (rest mass = 939.56563 MeV) is an unstable particle, which is much more massive than the proton. This neutron is considerably different than the previous nucleons listed. It can be observed that an ¹H proton resides at the center as demonstrated by the identical Structure Group. The Charge Support Group displays no charge because the neutron carries a neutral electric charge. There are equal numbers of positive and negative charges carried by the rudimentary units of all composite neutral particles. However, the Decay Group is substantial, consisting of 68 fundamental particles, where, as the particle decays, the decay material can form into an electron or positron, and neutrino or antineutrino, and many other smaller composite particles, where most of these would be too small to ionize a trail in a cloud chamber, bubble chamber or other detector.

The neutron bound in an ⁵⁶Fe nucleus displays many surprises, for example, except for the difference in the state of charge, this is identical to the iron protons of the same isotope, identical in substructure as well as mass (rest mass = 930.1745868 MeV). Notice the Bonding Group listing of the R1 and R2 units; these particles seek out their counterparts within adjoining nucleons to form extremely strong nuclear bonds. The outcome of these nuclear bonds is the formation of additional R17 and R18 units that are shared between adjoining bound nucleons.

It should now be clear that every composite particle type, whether stable or unstable, elementary or subatomic, carries its own unique substructure. For example, all 82 protons of a stable ²⁰⁸Pb nucleus have the same substructure, but these are different from the 83 protons of a ²⁰⁹Bi nucleus. From the above four examples, the configurations of every nucleon of any nucleus can be determined.

Naturally, the descriptions of nuclear substructure presented here are considerably different than those proposed quarks and gluons of the current Standard Model. If the two models are placed side by side and compared, it will be observed that the Standard Model cannot explain even simple nuclear mass deficits, thereby demonstrating that it is substantially inferior to the Geatron Nuclear Model of this work.

Below is one possible but unlikely configuration for the Antiproton. Because it is an unstable particle that exists for a very short period of time, it is difficult to correctly ascertain all of its properties and therefore its final configuration will be determined when more data is available:

THE ANTI-PROTON (possible) SUBSTRUCTURE and CONFIGURATION unbound nucleon, unstable particle Copyright © 1998 - 2005 by Eugene B. Pamfiloff
Rudimentary Type	Quantity of Rudimentaries	Rudimentary Composition	A-Particles +e charge	B-Particles -e charge	C-Particles net 0 charge	Total Geatrons
The Charge Support Group
R3 ?	1 ?	AB ?	1 ?	1 ?	0 ?	2 ?
R6	1	CBC	0	1	2	3
R21 ?	1 ?	ACB-CA ?	2 ?	1 ?	2 ?	5 ?
R22 ?	1 ?	BCA-CB ?	1 ?	2 ?	2 ?	5 ?
The Decay Group
?	?	?	?	?	?	?
The Bonding Group
0	0	0	0	0	0	0
The Structure Group
R17 ?	6195 ?	ACCB ?	6195 ?	6195 ?	12390 ?	24780 ?
R18 ?	6195 ?	BCCA ?	6195 ?	6195 ?	12390 ?	24780 ?
Proton Contents	Rudimentary Units 12394 ?		12394 ?	12395 ?	24786 ?	Particles 49575 ?

The Antiproton must contain a rudimentary unit with a negative electric charge, as with the R6 of the Charge Support Group. Since it is an unstable particle, its Structure Group must be different from that of the ¹H proton and it must contain some rudimentary units with the Decay Group, which will be determined when more data is available for the Antiproton. The above configuration relies upon the current data which led to the conclusion of identical masses for the ¹H proton and the Antiproton, although it may be found later that their masses are considerably different. In that event, this configuration will be corrected accordingly. As a matter of fact, the Geatron Nuclear Model specifically predicts that the Antiproton mass is less than that of the ¹H proton (rest mass = 938.2723100 MeV).

Applying the principles presented above, through the Geatron Nuclear Model, the rudimentary substructure of any sub-nuclear, elementary, or subatomic particle can be ascertained, including the stable and those that are unstable, with positive, negative or neutral charges, whether a pion, muon, kaon, rho, or an electron, positron, neutrino, antineutrino, or a proton, or neutron, bound, unbound or free-state.

Before the composition of Subatomic Particles could be explained, the fundamental particles and their interactions through and with the fundamental forces must be understood!

The Geatron Nuclear Model makes many important and verifiable predictions, one of which demonstrated the existence of several groups of previously unknown sub-particles, specifically those Rudimentary Units situated between 0.0 MeV and .511 MeV. To put this into perspective, the model predicts the existence of seven nuclear levels, identified by a dominant particle type that exists at each level. These include the Fundamental, Rudimentary, Elementary, Sub-nuclear, Subatomic, Atomic and Transitional particles that define each nuclear level.

By Eugene B. Pamfiloff

The Geatron Nuclear Model predicts that there are 10 distinct rudimentary particle units that are the first possible assemblies of the three interactive fundamental particles. These 10 form a second group of 18 basic rudimentary composite particle units, and from various combinations of R1 to R28 units, any subsequent rudimentary unit may be constructed, including neutrinos, electrons and positrons and eventually protons and neutrons through combinations of larger rudimentary units.

It must be stated that the Geatron Nuclear Model predicts and clearly demonstrates the existence of a variety of previously unknown sub-particles that are classified as composite Rudimentary Particle Units. These are a new class of particles that exist between the masses of 0.000 MeV and 0.511 MeV, the electron rest mass. Through a single fundamental force of attraction (or repulsion) that has already been identified, unattached fundamental A, B, and C particles begin to assemble in an orderly fashion into tiny composite particles, called Rudimentary Units (RU). This occurs at every opportunity that presents itself. Every unattached or unbound A, B, and C particle is seeking to neutralize its electric charge by joining with its opposite charge, whether the charge is constant (exhibited continuously over time) or momentary (exhibited for fractional periods of time). In other words, any available opposite electric charge will be satisfactory. The interacting fundamental particles as well as their products, the composite rudimentary units, are self-organizing, force guided systems. To determine the results of fundamental particle interactions, only simple rules have to be followed. For example, a B-particle could come across a free C-particle and bind temporarily while the 'C' is in a positive charge state and repel when the 'C' switches to a negative charge state, then again attract when the charge switches to positive. Consider how this Rudimentary unit would move while in a vacuum (one particle with a fixed charge and the other with a momentary transforming charge)? The vibrating particle must oscillate sinusoidally relative to the constant charge of the companion particle or both could oscillate. Elsewhere, an unattached A-particle may locate a B-particle and if conditions are suitable, they will enter into a bound state as a binary RU (having a binary orbit about each other). Due to the circumstances of the bond between the 'A' and 'B', the unit is vulnerable to a permanent intrusion of one or two C-particles, as demonstrated in the drawings below. An intrusion of more than two C's forms an unstable arrangement and will either sever the bond between the 'A' and 'B' or the third 'C' will eject from the system. But, soon there are every conceivable bound formation of A, B, and C particles floating in space, with each seeking to form a stable formation or configuration by joining with other Rudimentary Units.

New Class of Particles Identified:

The composite Rudimentary Units (RU) begin as - two, three, four, five then six - particle groups and continue growing into larger units by the assembly of previously formed smaller units and individual A’s, B’s or C’s. This process continues all the way up to groups containing twenty-seven particles, with each unit having a specific ‘R’ designation. For example, the R1 consists of an A & C particle, the R2 consists of a B & C particle, the R3 is an A-B unit, the R7 is an A-C-B unit, and the R18 is a B-C-C-A unit. Calculations indicate that between a (0) mass, 0.0 MeV and .511 MeV, the Electron rest mass, there are a total of seven hundred distinct units, R1 to R700, with R701 representing the electron and R702 the positron. Each rudimentary unit is a composite particle containing a specific configuration and number of A, B, and, or C particles in a bound state. The rudimentary units are self-organizing force-guided systems that spontaneously assemble into all known particles including the subnuclear and subatomic particles.

As with the electric charge demonstrating both attraction and repulsion with a force acting over a distance that satisfies an inverse-square law, we would expect gravity to show identical properties due to a number of similarities that include a force of attraction acting over a distance that also satisfies another inverse-square law. However, one of the surprising features of Gravity is that the force is always attractive, showing no evidence of repulsion or anti-attractive or antigravitational properties. Although numerous attempts have been made to explain this enigma, no equitable proposals have been developed until the introduction of the Geatron Nuclear Model (for APS article -- a summery of its principles are listed below). If certain reasonable conclusions related to the fundamental charge are considered (if we view the fundamental charge from a different perspective), it can be shown that this constantly attractive property of gravity can be explained through a system of Momentary Alternating-Transforming Electric Charges (MATEC) that interact with the MEG-Force and the other fundamental forces.

1. The electric charge is fundamental, but the known particles that carry the charge, such as the electron or positron, are not fundamental.

3. All known elementary and subatomic particles have a substructure consisting of a class of small composite rudimentary particles held in a bound state.

4. The series of composite rudimentary particles represent every possible arrangement of the three fundamental electric charge variations.

From this data, three variations of the fundamental charge are described as follows:

A. The first variation exhibits a constant positive electric charge, having a magnitude equal to 1.602 x 10^-19 Coulombs. For convenience, this particle will be referred to as the A-particle.

B. The second variation exhibits a constant negative electric charge, having a magnitude equal to 1.602 x 10^-19 Coulombs. For convenience, this particle will be referred to as the B-particle.

C. The third variation reveals a Momentary Alternating-Transforming Electric Charge (MATEC) cycle through its property of internal vibration, exhibiting both momentary positive and negative electric charges that switch through these states of 0, +, 0, –, 0, +, 0, –, 0, etc., through the periods of T1 = (0, +, 0, –), T2 = (0, +, 0, –) etc., and the interval is equal to its current or preexisting frequency of vibration (up to 10²² Hz or higher) while having a magnitude equal to 1.602 x 10^-19 Coulombs during the exhibition of each electric charge. Notice that the particle exhibits whole electric charges for fractional periods of time rather than fractional electric charges exhibited over time. For convenience, this particle will be referred to as the C-particle.

Geatron Nuclear Model:    The Geatron Nuclear Model is the only nuclear model that describes fundamental interactions and events.
Antigravitational property:    Naturally, if it existed, antigravity would repell the gravitational force rather than attract, similar to the way that electric or magnetic like-charges repel and unlike charges attract.
Electric Charge:     Is a fundamental force of attraction with unlike-charges and repulsion with like-charges.
Magnitude of the Fundamental Charge:    q_f₌_{1.602 x 10}_^-19 Coulombs
Whole Electric Charges:   Whether the charge is exhibited continuously over time or exhibited over fractional periods of time, in all cases the 'whole' electric charge is equal to: q_f₌_{1.602 x 10}_^-19 Coulombs. Any greater magnitude of electric charge is an integer multiple of the fundamental charge and any lesser magnitude is a nonexistent fractional charge, see below.
Fractional Electric Charges:    Although a fractional electric charge has never been observed, the present theories of QCD and the Standard Model of physics propose that the fundamental electric charge exists as fractional units within quarks of 1/3 + or - equal to 5.34 x 10^-20 C and 2/3 + or - equal to 1.068 x 10^-19C. These assumptions are not possible, in part, because, not only is the electric charge conserved during all interactions, but also, in all experiments, the electric charge has only been observed as quantized or interger units (n) of the fundamental charge.

Please note that the balance of this article and other important and useful information related to the composition of subatomic particles can be viewed at the Geatron Nuclear Model link below. The author of this work is in the process of completing two papers related to nuclear stability, which hopefully will be published soon.

Geatron Nuclear Model	Predictions and Proofs	Author's Publication 1	Author's Publication 2	Author's Publication 3	Author's Publication 4
Presentations	Important Physics Sites	Recent Research Information	Book Table of Contents	Scientific Reviews & Comments	Book Order Page
Gravity	Fundamental Particles	Physics Journal News Letter		Fundamental Forces	The Formation of Matter

THE ⁵⁶Fe NEUTRON SUBSTRUCTURE CONFIGURATION bound nucleon Copyright © 1998 - 2005 by Eugene B. Pamfiloff
Rudimentary Type	Quantity of Rudimentaries	Rudimentary Composition	A-Particles +e charge	B-Particles -e charge	C-Particles net 0 charge	Total Geatrons
The Charge Support Group
R7	3	ACB	3	3	3	9
R8	2	BCA	2	2	2	6
The Decay Group
0	0	0	0	0	0	0
The Bonding Group
R1	107	AC	107	0	107	214
R2	107	BC	0	107	107	214
The Structure Group
R17	6088	ACCB	6088	6088	12176	24352
R18	6088	BCCA	6088	6088	12176	24352
Neutron Contents	Rudimentary Units 12395		12288	12287	24572	Particles 49147

Geatron Nuclear Model	Predictions and Proofs	Author's Publication 1	Author's Publication 2	Author's Publication 3	Author's Publication 4
Presentations	Important Physics Sites	Recent Research Information	Book Table of Contents	Scientific Reviews & Comments	Book Order Page
Gravity	Fundamental Particles	Physics Journal News Letter		Fundamental Forces	Home Page

THE ⁵⁶Fe PROTON SUBSTRUCTURE CONFIGURATION bound nucleon Copyright © 1998 - 2005 by Eugene B. Pamfiloff
Rudimentary Type	Quantity of Rudimentaries	Rudimentary Composition	A-Particles +e charge	B-Particles -e charge	C-Particles net 0 charge	Total Geatrons
The Charge Support Group
R5	1	CAC	1	0	2	3
R7	2	ACB	2	2	2	6
R8	2	BCA	2	2	2	6
The Decay Group
0	0	0	0	0	0	0
The Bonding Group
R1	107	AC	107	0	107	214
R2	107	BC	0	107	107	214
The Structure Group
R17	6088	ACCB	6088	6088	12176	24352
R18	6088	BCCA	6088	6088	12176	24352
Proton Contents	Rudimentary Units 12395		12288	12287	24572	Particles 49147

THE ¹N NEUTRON SUBSTRUCTURE CONFIGURATION free-state, unbound, unstable particle Copyright © 1998 - 2005 by Eugene B. Pamfiloff
Rudimentary Type	Quantity of Rudimentaries	Rudimentary Composition	A-Particles +e charge	B-Particles -e charge	C-Particles net 0 charge	Total Geatrons
The Charge Support Group
R7	1	ACB	1	1	1	3
R29	1	ACB-CAC	2	1	3	6
R30	1	BCA-CBC	1	2	3	6
The Decay Group
R5	2	CAC	2	0	4	6
R6	2	CBC	0	2	4	6
R17	1	ACCB	1	1	2	4
R29	1	ACB-CAC	2	1	3	6
R30	1	BCA-CBC	1	2	3	6
R55	3	ACCB-BCCA	6	6	12	24
R56	2	BCCA-ACCB	4	4	8	16
The Bonding Group
0	0	0	0	0	0	0
The Structure Group
R17	6195	ACCB	6195	6195	12390	24780
R18	6195	BCCA	6195	6195	12390	24780
Neutron Contents	Rudimentary Units 12405		12410	12410	24823	Particles 49643

Proton and Neutron Substructure The Configuration of Nuclear Particles - Baryon Configuration

Before the composition of Subatomic Particles could be explained, the fundamental particles and their interactions through and with the fundamental forces must be understood!

By Eugene B. Pamfiloff

Proton and Neutron Substructure
The Configuration of Nuclear Particles - Baryon Configuration